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text 1
how can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail
passenger fares? it has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every january
the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on
those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or
otherwise. this year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower
than last year’s, but it is still well above the official consumer price index
(cpi) measure of inflation.
successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that
the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those
who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. why, the argument goes, should a
car-driving pensioner from lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a
stockbroker from surrey? equally, there is a sense that the travails of
commuters in the south east, many of whom will face among the biggest rises,
have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the
relatively poor infrastructure of the midlands and the north.
however, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced
some of the worst rail strikes in years. it is all very well train operators
trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers
should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they
are now paying to travel. the responsibility for the latest wave of strikes
rests on the unions. however, there is a strong case that those who have been
worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the
disruption they have suffered.
the government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service
requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate.
this should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running
problems on britain’s railways. yes, more investment is needed, but passengers
will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,
unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or
planned maintenance is managed incompetently. the threat of nationalisation may
have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified
anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.
21. the author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares
a. will ease train operation’s burden.
b. has kept pace with inflation.
c. is a big surprise to commuters.
d. remains anunreasonable measure.
21题答案为remains anunreasonable measure.根据题干关键词this year’s increase in rail
passengers fares可定位到第一段第一句话以及第三句话，对比定位及选项选取精准定位为第三句话，去除其插入语成分，可得this year’s rise
may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the
official consumer price index (cpi) measure of
inflation.由其句中有转折词but，可将重点转移到but后句子，当中well above“远高出”对应 unreasonable，由this
year和last year对应remain。
22. the stockbroker in 2 is used to stand for
a. car drivers
b. rail travelers
c. local investors
d. ordinary taxpayers
22题答案为rail travelers，由题干关键词stockbroker in 2可定位至句子why, the argument goes,
should a car-driving pensioner from lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily
commute of a stockbroker from
surrey?，题目问及stockbroker所指，因文章关于轨道交通票价提升，因此stockbroker所指仍该选择与文章中心点有关的rail
travelers。
23. it is indicated in 3 that train operators
a. are offering compensations to commuters.
b. are trying to repair relations with the unions.
c. have failed to provide an adequate service.
d. have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.
23题答案为have failed to provide an adequate service. 由题干关键词train
operators和3可定位至第三段it is all very well train operators trumpeting the
improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to
expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to
travel.定位句中有明显转折词but，可知后半句为语义重点，其中passengers should be able to expect a basic
level of service，可对应答案have failed to provide an adequate service.
24. if unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face
a. the loss of investment.
b. the collapse of operations.
c. a reduction of revenue.
d. a change of ownership.
24题答案为the collapse of operations. 由题干关键词unable to calm down passengers，the
railways may have to face可定位至文章but it will return with a vengeance if the
justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.本定位句中前半句it will
return with a vengeance中vengeance“报复”为该题解题核心，可知答案the collapse of operations。
25. which of the following would be the best title for the text?
a. who are to blame for the strikes?
b. constant complaining doesn’t work
c. can nationalization bring hope?
d. ever-rising fares aren’t sustainable
25题答案为 ever-rising fares aren’t
sustainable，本题为主旨题，考察最佳标题，但本题难度并不大，只需结合文章反复出现重点词汇rising
fares及对其感情色彩上的贬义可确定答案ever-rising fares aren’t sustainable。
text 2
last year marked the third year in a row that indonesia’s bleak rate of
deforestation has slowed in pace. one reason for the turnaround may be the
country’s antipoverty program.
in 2007, indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its
poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep
kids in school or get regular medical care. called conditional cash transfers or
ccts, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and
break the cycle of poverty. they’ re already used in dozens of countries
worldwide. in indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to
substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
but cct programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. in
fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as
conflicting goals, says paul ferraro, an economist at johns hopkins
university.
that’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental
degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with
greater poverty. however, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. the
only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in mexico that had
instituted ccts, supported the traditional view. there, as people got more
money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,
ferraro says.
such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.
ferraro wanted to see if indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting
deforestation. indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the
world and one of the highest deforestation rates.
ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to
2012——including during indonesia’s phase——in of the antipoverty program——in 7,
468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. the duo
separated the effects of the cct program on forest loss from other factors, like
weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. with
that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in
deforestation, “ferraro says.
that’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift
insurance policies against inclement weather, ferraro says. typically, if rains
are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their
harvests. with the ccts, individuals instead can use the money to supplement
their harvests.
whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. ferraro
suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. and regardless of
transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good
for value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone
is more than the program costs.
26. according to the first two paragraphs, cct programs aim to.
a. facilitate health care reform.
b. help poor families get better off.
c. improve local education systems.
d. lower deforestation rates.
答案:b
解析:细节题。由前两段我们可以得知，印度尼西亚开始实施扶贫项目。定位到第2段第2句可知，该项目的目的是为了减少不平等，减少贫困。选项a实施医疗改革，文章中并未提及。c选项改善当地教育系统未提及。d选项降低沙漠化同样未提及，因此选b，该项目的目的是帮助贫困家庭生活的更好。
27. the study based on an area in mexico is cited to show that
a. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor
b. cct programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles,
c. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.
d. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.
答案:d
解析:细节题。题目当中出现mexico,可定位到第三段第2句，基于mexico的研究支持了传统观点。我们需要搞清楚传统观点是什么，所以还需要阅读本段的第1.2句，即经济增长和环境保护之间存在某种关系，而保护环境有时会导致更严重的贫困。因此选d更符合题干。
28. in his study about indonesia, ferraro intends to find out
a. its acceptance level of ccts.
b. its annual rate of poverty alleviation.
c. the relation of ccts to its forest loss.
d. the role of its forests in climate change
答案:c
解析:推理题。题干当中出现ferraro 可以定位到第4段的第2句，ferraro
想看看印度尼西亚的扶贫项目是否会影响森林砍伐。因此选c最符合题意。
29. according to ferraro, the cct program in indonesia is most valuable in
that
a.it will benefit other asian countries.
b.it will reduce regional inequality.
c.it can protect the environment.
d. it can boost grain production
答案:c
解析:推理题。题干问的是ferraro和cct项目，因此可以定位到第5段他所做的具体方案。根据本段最后一句ferraro所说的话，这个项目与砍伐减少有关，可以推断出这个项目是可以保护环境的。a选项该项目会造福其他亚洲国家，文中并未提及。b选项减少地区不平等，并不是ferraro
说的，而是这个项目设立的宗旨。d选项可以促进农产品的发展，不符合题意，因此选c
30. what is the text centered on?
a the effects of a program.
b. the debates over a program.
c. the process of a study.
d. the transferability of a study.
答案:a
解析:主旨题。本篇文章主要讲述的是印度尼西亚的扶贫项目对环境和经济的发展。因此a选项，这个项目的影响，符合题。b选项debate表示辩论，文中并未出现不同的观点。
c和d选项说的是研究的过程和转变，不合题意。，
text 3
as a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes
us re-evaluate the past, i‘ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs
that show our victorian ancestors smiling(what better way to shatter the image
of 19th-century prudery? ). i’ve found quite a few, and-since i started posting
them on twitter-they have been causing quite a stir. people have been surprised
to see evidence that victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. they are
noting that the victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the
hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of
laughter.
作为一名历史学家，我总是在寻找能让我们重新评价过去的文本或图像，我已经全神贯注地寻找那些能展示我们维多利亚时代祖先微笑的照片(还有什么更好的方法能打破19世纪拘谨的形象呢?)我已经找到了不少，而且自从我开始在twitter上发布它们以来，它们已经引起了相当大的轰动。人们惊讶地发现，有证据表明，维多利亚时代的人喜欢笑，能够笑，也确实笑过。他们注意到，维多利亚时代似乎突然变得更有人味了，因为我们共同的欢笑经历使我们之间的百年左右的分隔逐渐消失。
of course, i need to concede that my collection of ‘smiling victorians’
makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic
portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters
posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently
into the middle distance. how do we explain this trend?
当然,我必须承认,我的微笑的维多利亚时代的只占很小比例的庞大的摄影肖像画目录创建在1840年至1900年之间,其中大部分痛苦地展示模特摆姿势,僵硬地画背景,或者心不在焉地望向中间的距离。我们如何解释这一趋势?
during the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure
times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an
image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete,
resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.
the thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties
was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the
norm.
在19世纪40年代和50年代，在摄影的早期，曝光时间是出了名的长:达盖尔银版照相法(在镀银的铜板上拍摄图像)需要几分钟才能完成，当人们改变位置或调整他们的四肢时，图像会变得模糊。当相机执行它神奇的职责时，要保持一种固定的微笑，这种想法让人难以想象，所以一种含糊不清的茫然凝视成了常态。
but exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of
the box brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s
digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. spontaneous smiles
were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an
explanation of why victorians still hesitated to smile.
但到了19世纪80年代，曝光时间要快得多，而box
brownie和其他便携式相机的出现意味着，尽管以今天的数码标准来看有点慢，曝光时间几乎是瞬间完成的。在19世纪90年代，自发的微笑相对容易捕捉，所以我们必须从其他地方寻找为什么维多利亚时代的人仍然对微笑犹豫不决的原因。
one explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy
grin. “nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth, ” ran one popular victorian
saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths
were often in a shocking state of hygiene. a flashing set of healthy and clean,
regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in victorian society, the preserve the
super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
一种解释可能是通过一个俗气的笑容来表现出尊严的丧失。“大自然赋予我们嘴唇来遮盖牙齿，”维多利亚时代的一句流行谚语这样说，暗指在正确的牙科技术诞生之前，口腔的卫生状况通常令人震惊。在维多利亚时代，一套健康、干净、普通的“珍珠白”是一种罕见的景象，这是留给超级富豪的东西(即使在那个时代，牙齿卫生也得不到保证)。
a toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked
class: drunks, tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile
as wide as lewis carroll’s gum-exposing cheshire cat, but it was not a becoming
look for properly bred persons. even mark twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty
laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing
more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
露齿而笑(尤其是露出缺口或牙齿发黑的时候)缺乏教养:醉汉、流浪汉和音乐厅表演者可能会咧着嘴咧嘴笑，其笑容就像刘易斯·卡罗尔(lewis
carroll)画的露口香糖的柴郡猫那样宽，但这种笑容并不适合教养良好的人。即使是喜欢开怀大笑的马克·吐温也说过，在摄影摄影中，“没有什么比一个永远固定的愚蠢的微笑更可恶的了”。
31. according to paragraph 1, the author’s posts on twitter
a. changed people’ impression of the victorians.
b. highlighted social media’s role in victorian studies
c.re-evaluated the victorians’ notion of public image.
d. illustrated the development of victorian photography.
答案:a
解析: 细节题。首先问题问的是“作者在推特上发布照片”产生了什么样的效果，我们可以定位到第一段的第二句话since i started posting
them on twitter， 问题问的是后来的结果，因此我们要看的是这句话的后面。原文说people have been surprised to see
evidence that victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh.
意思是人们看到维多利亚时代的人们也是可以笑的。因此该题应该选a， 改变了人们对于维多利亚时代的固有印象。
32. what does author say about the victorian portraits he has
collected?
a. they are in popular use among historians.
b. they are rare among photographs of that age.
c. they mirror 19th-century social conventions.
d. they show effects of different exposure times.
答案 b
解析:观点题。问题问的是作者对于他收集的维多利亚时代的肖像是怎么说的。文中第二段提到my collection of ‘smiling
victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of …… between 1840 and 1900,
提及作者收集的只是非常小的一部分。因此选b，它们知识那个时代的照片中很少的一部分。
33. what might have kept the victorians from smiling for pictures in the
1890s?
a. their inherent social sensitiveness.
b. their tension before the camera.
c. their distrust of new inventions.
d. their unhealthy dental condition.
答案:d
解析:细节题。题干中出现1890s,可以直接定位到第4段最后一句话，在19世纪90年代，微笑相对容易被捕捉到。题干问的是为什么那个时代在照片中不微笑，因此还需要再往下看。第5段第一句话就给出了解释，一个笑容表现出尊严的丧失，为什么会是丧失尊严呢，后文中又提到了牙科的发展。在维多利亚时代，“珍珠白”的牙齿是富豪才能拥有的。a选项说是社会敏感，文中未提及。b说在镜头前拘谨，不符合题意。c说不相信新发明，无中生有。
34. mark twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures
was
a. a deep-root belief.
b. a misguided attitude.
c. a controversial view.
d. a thought-provoking idea.
答案:a
解析:细节题。由mark
twain定位到第6段最后一句，他说在照相的时候，没有什么比一个固定的微笑更可恶的了。由此可见，照相时不笑是常态。b选项是一个被误导的态度，文中并没有提到“被误导”这层含义。c选项说是一个有争议的观点，文中未提及。d选项是一个发人深省的观点，不符合题意，因此选a。
35. which of the following questions does the text answer?
a. why did most victorians look stern in photographs?
b. why did the victorians start to view photographs?
c. what made photography develop slowly in the victorian period?
d. how did smiling in photograph become a post-victorian norm?
答案:a
解析:主旨题。这篇文章主要讲的是维多利亚时代的人像都不苟言笑背后的可能的原因。题干问的是这篇文章主要回答了哪个问题?因此a选项最符合题意。
text 4
from the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based
companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband
connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their
rivals. that’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would
prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving
the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.
yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of
pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts.
a federal appeals court weighed in again tuesday, but instead of providing a
badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. at issue before the u.s.
court of appeals for the district of columbia circuit was the latest take of the
federal communications commission (fcc) on net neutrality, adopted on a
party-line vote in 2017. the republican-penned order not only eliminated the
strict net neutrality rules the fcc had adopted when it had a democratic
majority in 2015, but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband
providers to do much of anything. the order also declared that state and local
governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.
the commission argued that other agencies would protect against
anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like
at&t favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of netflix and
apple tv. yet the fcc also ended the investigations of broadband providers that
imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.
on tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order
deregulating broadband providers, citing a supreme court ruling from 2005 that
upheld a similarly deregulatory move. but judge patricia millett rightly argued
in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of
modern broadband service,” and said congress or the supreme court could
intervene to “avoid trapping internet regulation in technological
anachronism.”
in the meantime, the court threw out the fcc’s attempt to block all state
rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission’s power to preempt
individual state laws that undermine its order. that means more battles like the
one now going on between the justice department and california, which enacted a
tough net neutrality law in the wake of the fcc’s abdication.
the endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the fcc cry out for
congress to act. it needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for
all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and
to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.
36. there has long been concern that broadband provides would
a. bring web-based firms under control.
b. slow down the traffic on their network.
c. show partiality in treating clients.
d. intensify competition with their rivals.
36题答案为show partiality in treating clients.由其题干关键词concern，broadband provides
would可定位至that’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would
prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers
online，由定位句中重点信息prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers
online，对应答案为show partiality in treating clients.
37. faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the fcc
a. sticks to an out-of-date order.
b. takes an anti-regulatory stance.
c. has issued a special resolution.
d. has allowed the states to intervene.
37题答案为takes an anti-regulatory stance. 本题较难。由其题干关键词at issue before the u.s.
court of appeals for the district of columbia circuit was the latest take of the
federal communications commission (fcc) on net neutrality, adopted on a
party-line vote in 2017.定位句中adopted on a party-line vote in
2017为关键信息，“政党路线投票”，对应anti-regulatory，同时也可结合后半句中strict net neutrality rules the
fcc had adopted所表达信息作答。
38. what can be learned about at&t from paragraph 3?
a. it protects against unfair competition.
b. it engages in anti-competitive practices.
c. it is under the fcc’s investigation.
d. it is in pursuit of quality service.
38题答案为it protects against unfair competition. 由其题干关键词at&t from
paragraph 3可定位至第三段the commission argued that other agencies would protect
against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate
like at&t favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of netflix
and apple tv.定位句中protect against anti-competitive behavior为关键信息，可知对应信息为a. it
protects against unfair competition.
39. judge patricia millett argues that the appeals court’s decision
a. focuses on trivialities.
b. conveys an ambiguous message.
c. is at odds with its earlier rulings.
d. is out of touch with reality.
39题答案为is out of touch with reality. 由其题干关键词judge patricia millett及the
appeals court’s decision可定位至judge patricia millett rightly argued in a
concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern
broadband service,”其中“unhinged from the realities”为关键信息，其意为“不符合实际”，对应答案is out of
touch with reality.
40. what does the author argue in the last paragraph?
a. congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.
b. the fcc should be put under strict supervision.
c. rules need to be set to diversify online services.
d. broadband providers’ rights should be protected.
40题答案为congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality. 由其题干关键词last
paragraph看向最后一段，对应四个选项，其中，最后一段第一句the endless legal battles and back-and-forth at
the fcc cry out for congress to act.中 cry out for congress to act对应a选项信息congress
needs to take action，因此选定答案为a。
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