passage3注解：标题为赤色，翻译为蓝色，分析为绿色。?????????in recent years, railroads铁路 have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly独占. as recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles吨英里（货运单位）?moved by rails. next year, after a series of mergers兼并 is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight货运 moved by major rail carriers.
????????supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial许多的 cost reductions and better coordinated调和的 service. any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce强烈的 competition from trucks货车运送. but many shippers邮递商 complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain粮食, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat【have them by the throat卡脖子，掐住咽喉】.
????????the vast consolidation兼并，联合 within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. railroads typically charge收费 such captive受控制的，受捆绑的s surface transportation board for rate relief减轻, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work起作用?only in truly extreme cases【extreme cases极点情况】.
????????railroads justify证明..有理，认为..正确?rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that【on the grounds?that因为】 in the long run【in the long run在长远利益】 it reduces everyones cost. if railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucksor other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder肩膀，承担（这篇文章意思） the cost of keeping up the line【keeping up the line坚持在一水平线上】. its theory to which many economists subscribe订阅，认同（这篇文章意思）, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will?flourish昌盛 and which will fail.do we really want railroads to be the arbiters断定者 of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?asks martin bercovici,a washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
????????many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of【?a round of一轮】 huge rate increases. the railroad industry as a whole【?as a whole全体来说】, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost【cover the cost承担费用】 of the capital资金 it must invest to keep up with【keep up with跟上，满足】 its surging激增的 traffic. yet可是 railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with wall street cheering them on. consider the $10.2 billion bid by norfolk southern and csx to acquire conrail this year. conrails going to pay for the rest of the bill? many captive shippers fear that they will, as norfolk southern and csx increase their grip控制力，影响力?on the market.
一、文章规划分
析
这是一篇关于铁路公司兼并可致使使独占的文章。
第一段：铁路公司兼并致使我们对独占的重视。接着运用具体数据阐明该兼并趋势。
第二段：是一个典型标明比照的期间。前半段提出兼并撑持者的观念，中心用“but”转机之后，初步论说邮递商（即，兼并对立者）截然不一样的情绪。
第三段：具体论说邮递商的忧虑，首要运用说理证明。
第四段：具体论说铁路公司的理由，除说理之外，还运用了引证法。
第五段：对文章进行总结，重申了两方的敌对，运用了说理和例子法。
31. according to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because
[a] cost reduction is based on competition.
[b] services call for cross-trade coordination.
[c] outside competitors will continue to exist.
[d] shippers will have the railway by the throat.
31.撑持吞并的人认为不可以能构成铁路作业的独占，缘由是。
【a】以竞赛为基础的本钱的降低
【b】效能项目需要跨作业的协作
【c】外部竞赛者将持续存在
【d】客户将掐铁路公司的脖子
32. what is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
[a] indifferent.
[b] supportive.
[c] indignant.
[d] apprehensive.
32.许多“被控制的”客户对铁路作业的兼并持啥样的情绪？
【a】无视置之
【b】撑持的
【c】愤恨的
【d】担忧的
33. it can be inferred from paragraph 3 that.
[a] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.
[b] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.
[c] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.
[d]a government board ensures fair play in railway business.
33.从第三段可以推出
【a】没有其他铁路公司竞赛，客户将被少收费
【b】很快全国将只需一家铁路公司
【c】被多收费的客户不大可认为减价而
【d】有一个政府部分可以保证铁路作业公正竞赛
34. the word (line 7, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those
[a] who work as coordinators.
[b] who function as judges.
[c] who supervise transactions.
[d] who determine the price.
34.“arbiters”（第4段第7行）一词最可所以
【a】调和者
【b】判决人
【c】生意监督者
【d】价格拟定
35. according to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by
[a] the continuing acquisition.
[b] the growing traffic.
[c] the cheering wall street.
[d] the shrinking market.
35.铁路作业本钱添加的首要缘由是
【a】持续不断的收购
【b】不断增加的运送量
【c】喝彩的华尔街
【d】缩短的商场
二、中心词汇与超纲词汇
（1）arbiter（n.）裁定人；判决人；声威人士
（2）consolidation（n.）安靖，兼并；consolidate（v.）安靖，加强
（3）coordinate（v.）使（各有些）调和，协同动作；（a.）平等的，并排的；坐标的（n.）坐标
（4）discrimination（n.）区分，辨别，区分力，眼力；轻视，差异对待；
discriminate（v.）差异，区分；~against有不一样地对待，轻视
（5）freight（n.）货品，客货，运费（v.）装货，使充溢，运送
（6）merger（n.）兼并，归并
（7）monopoly（n.）独占，独占者，专利权，专利作业；
mono前缀表“单一的”，如：monotone单调的
（8）subscribe（v.）订购，订阅，撑持
三、阅览答案：c d c b a
四、全文翻译：?
????????这些年，铁路公司彼此联合，构成了超大型集团，致使我们对独占行为的极大重视。就在1995年，四家大型铁路公司占有70%的铁路运送事务。到下一年，一系列兼并活动结束之后，四家铁路公司将控制90%以上的铁路运送商场。
????????撑持组成超大型铁路集团的人士认为，兼并将致使运送本钱的大幅降低，铁路公司更调和地供给效能。他们认为，在公路运送的剧烈竞赛面前，独占的挟制现已不复存在。但许多客户却诉苦说，关于远程运送的大宗货品来说，如煤炭，化学制品和粮食，公路运送本钱太高，因而铁路公司就会掐他们的脖子。
????????铁路运送业的大规划联合意味着大都客户将会依靠一家公司的效能。一般，铁路公司对这些“被控制”客户的收费要比存在其它铁路公司的竞赛时高出20%-30%。假定客户感到他们被多收费，他们有权上诉到联邦政府的“陆路运送局”以争夺价格下调，但这个进程既耗财又耗时，而且只需在真实极点特别的情况下才有作用。
????????对“被控制”客户进行的价格轻视，铁路公司提出的理由是，从长远来看，这样做会降低一切人的本钱。他们争论说，假定铁路公司向一切客户收取相同的均匀价格的话，那么，可以运用公路运送或其它交通东西的客户将会转移，使剩下的客户来承担铁路正常运作的开支。这种理论得到了大都经济学家的认同，但在实践操作中，它使铁路公司获处于抉择谁败谁衰的方位。“咱们是不是真的想让铁路公司变成在商场上抉择谁败谁荣的判决者？”马丁·贝科维奇问道。他是一位常常代表铁路客户的华盛顿律师。
????????许多“被控制”客户还忧虑他们很快将遭受一轮新的大幅涨价。从全体来说，尽管铁路工业有耀眼的资产，但它的收入仍然缺乏以付出为满足不断增加的运送需要而进行的固定资产出资。可是铁路公司仍然持续告贷数十亿美元来进行彼此兼并，而华尔街也鼓舞它们这样做。请想一想本年南诺弗克公司和csx公司吞并康雷尔公司所花的102亿美元吧。康雷尔公司1996年铁路运营纯收入为4.27亿美元，这还缺乏这宗生意运作本钱的一半。谁来付出其他的费用呢？许多“被控制”客户忧虑，跟着南诺弗克和csx公司添加对商场的控制，他们得担负这有些费用。